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Post a Comment Dysmagnesaemia and outcome in a trauma ICU
1 Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
2
Inkosi
Albert Luthuli Central Hospital Trauma Service, Durban,
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Objective. To determine the prevalence of dysmagnesaemia among patients admitted to a trauma intensive care unit (ICU) and to investigate whether dysmagnesaemia at admission correlated with a worse outcome.
Methods. In this retrospective case study of patients admitted to a regional level 1 trauma unit, from April 2007 to November 2010, de-identified patient data were obtained from the local patient database. Patients were divided into three groups (hypomagnesaemic, normomagnesaemic and hypermagnesaemic), which in turn were divided into two subgroups (blunt and penetrating trauma). The mortality between normo- and hypomagnesaemic patients, as well as between the subgroups, was analysed using χ2 tests. The University of KwaZulu-Natal Biomedical Research Ethics Committee approved the study (BE207/09).
Results. Of the 759 trauma patients studied, 10.7% were hypomagnesaemic and 1.3% were hypermagnesaemic at admission. No statistically significant difference in mortality was observed between the hypo- and normo-/hypermagnesaemic patients.
Conclusion. Dysmagnesaemia is common among trauma patients admitted to the ICU, but is not necessarily correlated with a poorer outcome.
S
Afr J Crit Care
2014;30(2):45-50. DOI:10.7196/SAJCC.190
Magnesium (Mg) is a common mineral salt in the human body, being the second most prevalent intracellular cation, the majority of which is concentrated in bone, muscle and soft tissue. It is essential for over 300 enzymatic reactions and is a prerequisite for human life.1-4 The main absorption of Mg occurs in the jejunum and ileum, while the kidneys have an important homeostatic role.[5 ]
Over 99% of body Mg is in the intracellular space. Ninety per cent of this intracellular Mg is bound to adenosine triphosphate, cytoskeleton nucleotides and enzymes, whereas the rest is ionised and unbound within the cell.[ 3] In serum, Mg is either ionised (80%) or bound to proteins (20%).1 Since only 1% of body Mg is contained in serum, both ionised Mg (iMg) and total serum Mg (tMg) are poor indicators of total body Mg content. Consequently, hypomagnesaemia in serum can occur when total body content is normal or low.6 , 7
Serum hypomagnesaemia is associated with several pathologies, ranging from arrhythmias and pre-eclampsia to cerebral ischaemia. 2 , 8 Its correlation with outcome among critically ill patients has been studied and varies greatly (Table 1).9-19 Some studies have found an increased mortality associated with admission hypomagnesaemia,[11, 12,17] admission hypermagnesaemia,11 , 13 , 17 the development of hypomagnesmia,18 and the development of hypermagnesaemia;6 while others have found no correlation at all. [16,1 9] Similarly, the prevalence of admission hypomagnesaemia varies greatly among studies and, according to one report, is more common among trauma patients.7
It is still unclear, therefore, whether or not
dysmagnesaemia is correlated with a worse outcome in
critically ill patients. The objective of this retrospective
study was to investigate the prevalence of
dysmagnesaemia among patients admitted to a level
1 (Trauma Society of South Africa criteria) trauma
intensive care unit (ICU) and to determine if dysmagnesaemia
is associated with worse outcome.
Methods
The trauma ICU at the Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital (IALCH), Durban, a major regional referral hospital, is a level 1 trauma centre, including an integrated ICU unit. The unit has eight ICU beds and eight high-care beds, and admits both adult and paediatric patients above the age of 2 years. The functioning and referral process of the unit have been previously described.20 Aminoglycosides are not used in the unit antibiotic protocols as a parenteral therapy.
After obtaining approval from the University of KwaZulu-Natal Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (BE207/09), data were extracted from the Medicom databank for patients admitted to the trauma ICU from April 2007 to November 2010. All patients who had an admission Mg level measured within 24 h were included, while patients were excluded if their trauma was not typical penetrating or blunt injury. The data captured included age, sex, mechanism of trauma, Injury Severity Score (ISS), New Injury Severity Score (NISS), duration of stay at the ICU (ICUstay), if the patient was operated on, outcome, creatinine levels at admission, iMg levels at admission (iMgadm), and maximum iMg (iMgmax) and minimum iMg (iMgmin) levels.
The local sampling technique utilised was as follows: Within 24 h of admission, a peripheral blood sample was collected in a 5 mL Vacuette serum tube (article no. 456073p; Grener Bio-One, Germany). The samples were centrifuged at 2 000 G at room temperature for 10 min, transferred to a plain tube and then analysed using the ADVIA 1800 chemistry system (Siemens, Germany). The ADVIA 1800 utilises a reaction between Mg and xylidyl blue, which creates a water-soluble complex that can be measured by spectrophotometry. The complex created is proportional to the Mg in the sample, therefore the Mg concentration is quantified by measuring absorbance at the complex’s wavelength (505 - 694 nm). The normal range for iMg using the ADVIA 1800 is 0.53 - 1.11 mmol/L, which is based on the manufacturer’s own specifications.
Mg supplementation was undertaken on indication, such that any patient with an iMg <0.7 mmol/L at 24 h after admission was followed up with repeated measurements of serum Mg. If iMg remained <0.7 mmol/L at 48 h following admission, standard Mg supplementation was repeatedly given until iMg was ≥0.7 mmol/L. Supplementation comprised 2 g MgSO4 diluted in 50 mL physiologic saline, given at least once daily over 1 h. The dose was repeated in cases of severely low values up to three times per day, as empirical treatment. 21
Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad (Graphpad Software La Jolla, USA). The collected data were analysed using an unpaired Student’s t-test, χ2 tests and logistical regression analysis. The patients were stratified into three groups depending on their Mg level at admission: group A included hypomagnesaemic patients, group B included normomagnesaemic patients and group C included hypermagnesaemic patients. Continuous variables (age, ISS, NISS, ICUstay) were analysed for each group using means and standard deviations (SDs), and Student’s t-test. However, as there were so few hypermagnesaemic patients who had died (n=4), group C was combined with group B to allow χ2 testing. The difference in mortality between groups A and B was compared using a χ2 test with one degree of freedom.
Groups A, B and C were divided into two groups depending on the type of trauma. Groups A1, B1 and C1 comprised patients who had suffered blunt trauma, while the victims of penetrating trauma were allocated to groups A2, B2 and C2. Groups C1 and C2 were combined with groups B1 and B2 owing to the low number of patients in group C2 (n=1). Group A and B’s mortality was compared using χ2 analysis with three degrees of freedom.
In the normomagnesaemic group, the number of patients who
developed dysmagnesaemia during their ICU stay was calculated
and group mortality was analysed using χ2 analysis with five degrees of
freedom. Linear regression analyses were performed to explore
an eventual correlation between NISS, Mg level and outcome.
Results
The databank contained data for a total of 822 patients from April 2007 to November 2010. Of these, 761 were initially reviewed, as their iMg was measured at admission. Two cases were subsequently excluded since they were not victims of either blunt or penetrating trauma (admission after snake bite and drowning). For the remaining 759 patients, complete demographic data were recorded and analysed.
A total of 74% (n=564) of the
patients were male (male:female ratio 3:1) with the mean age 30
years (median 28). Seventy-five per cent (n=570)
of the patients came as referrals from other hospitals, of whom
24% (n=140) had undergone surgery;
the remaining 25% came directly from the scene of trauma. None
of the patients was admitted to an ICU at the referring
hospitals; only urgent life-saving surgery had been performed
there prior to transfer to IALCH. Mean length of stay was 13 (SD
14) days (median 9, mode 2). Sixty-two per cent (n=467) of the patients were operated on
after admission. Overall, 78% of the patients survived their
stay in the ICU. The population’s diagnoses are illustrated in
Table 2 and their demographic data are outlined in Table 3.
A Student’s t-test exposed no statistically significant difference in the groups’ age or duration of stay in the ICU. However, there were statistically significant differences between the groups’ NISS scores (p<0.02 comparing hypo- and normomagnesaemic patients; p<0.05 comparing normo- and hypermagnesaemic patients; p<0.005 comparing hypo- and hypermagnesaemic patients). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was found to exist between the ISS scores of the hypo- and hypermagnesaemic patients (p<0.05).
The group of hypermagnesaemic patients who died was too small (n=4) to allow χ2 testing of a mortality difference. Consequently, the hyper- and normomagnesaemic patients were grouped together and their mortality was compared with that of the hypomagnesaemic patients. A χ2 test with one degree of freedom did not find a statistically significant difference in mortality between the groups (χ2 =2.96).
Patient outcome, grouped by Mg levels and type
of trauma, is displayed in Table 4. Owing to the low number of
patients in C2 (n=1), C1 and C2
were incorporated into groups B1 and B2, respectively, to allow
χ2 testing. A
χ2 test of
patient mortality (Table 4), at three degrees of
freedom, revealed no statistically significant difference (χ2 =4.02).
The patients were divided into three groups depending on their
NISS score (Table 5). For each group, the percentage that
survived, and the mean iMg and SD were calculated, as well as
the percentage of each group that was hypo-, normo- or
hypermagnesaemic. Three linear regression analyses were
performed to evaluate possible correlations between iMgadm, NISS score
and outcome. These did not find any correlations (Figs 1, 2 and
3).
Fig. 1. iMgadm and outcome. (iMgadm = ionised magnesium levels at admission.)
Fig. 2. NISS and outcome. (NISS = New Injury Severity Score.)
Fig. 3. NISS and iMgadm. (NISS = New Injury Severity Score; iMgadm = ionised magnesium levels at admission.)
In order to evaluate if the development of dysmagnesaemia was
associated with a poorer prognosis, the patient data were
grouped as illustrated in Table 6. A χ2 test was performed, but
in order to avoid too-small groups (n<5), all patients who
had developed both hypo- and hypermagnesaemia were grouped
together with the patients who had only developed
hypomagnesaemia. A χ2 test
with five degrees of freedom yielded a result of χ2=2.60, thus showing that
there was no difference in mortality between the patients who
remained normomagnesaemic or those who became dysmagnesaemic.
The data were re-evaluated using a narrower interval of
normal Mg (0.44 - 0.60
mmol/L) (Table 7). Admission serum creatinine (Creaadm) is
illustrated in Table 8 for the hypo-, normo- and
hypermagnesaemic patients. Overall, 34 patients in
the RIFLE I group developed acute kidney injury during ICU
admission, and in none of these was a link with the subsequent
development of hypomagnesaemia noted, despite there being
admission hypomagnesaemia present in some of them.
Discussion
The findings in this study of ionised hypomagnesaemia at admission are in concordance with those of Escuela et al.,7 who found a prevalence of 9.7%. However, other studies have found a prevalence of ionised hypomagnesaemia of between 14% and 59%. These differences can be explained by dissimilar normal ranges for Mg (a lower limit of 0.47, 0.42, 0.21 and 0.40 mmol/L, respectively), different populations (multicentre ICU, medical-surgical ICU, trauma ICU and paediatric ICU) and varied laboratory methods (different ion selective electrodes such as KONE, NOVA SP9 and NOVA 8).
The prevalence of hypermagnesaemia at admission (1.3%) in this trauma population was markedly lower than any other reported in the literature (14% and 23.6%).7 , 18 A possible explanation is that the normal range used for Mg is broader than that in other studies (0.53 - 1.11 compared with 0.42 - 0.59 and 0.44 - 0.60 mmol/L). 7 , 18 However, re-analysing these study data with a normal iMg interval of 0.44 - 0.60 mmol/L also yielded dissimilar results. The laboratory method used locally, namely spectrophotometry, could potentially give less-accurate values than the ion-selective electrodes used in other studies, thus explaining the need for a broader normal interval, as well as a difference in admission dysmagnesaemia that cannot be corrected using a different normal interval.
We did not find a statistically
significant correlation between Mg levels and outcome. Since
1989, when Chernow et al.11
reported a correlation between Mg levels and outcome, several
articles have refuted Chernow’s finding. Some have gone so far
as to dismiss this correlation as an ‘epiphenomenon’.
16
However, since the physiology underlying Mg regulation is not
entirely understood, nor the pathophysiological factors that
affect Mg homeostasis, not finding a correlation could simply
mean that confounding factors have not been controlled
appropriately, which is probable in a
retrospective study of this nature, despite using an
electronic patient record system.
Study limitations
Firstly, patients were not excluded when using aminoglycosides and diuretics, or if they developed renal failure (RF). However, in the trauma ICU, aminoglycosides may be used, though rarely before 72 h after admission and usually for durations limited to 24 h, since it has been shown that tissue levels are not adequate in the acute trauma phase.[ 22] Other studies have excluded patients with chronic RF, as this can cause dysmagnesaemia.5 , 6 We did not exclude patients who may have developed acute kidney injury, since we were interested to see if dysmagnesaemia, irrespective of the cause, was related to outcome. Moreover, as seen in Table 8, the vast majority of the patients with hypomagnesaemia had a Creaadm of <100 μmol/L (normal range 0 - 80 μmol/L). However, most patients with hypermagnesaemia had a Creaadm of 100 - 149 μmol/L or >200 μmol/L. Consequently, RF may be a confounding variable when exploring the outcome for the hypermagnesaemic patients.
Secondly, all patients had suffered multiple
injuries and had typically received transfusion of fluids not
containing Mg, causing haemodilution, and would typically have
high serum catecholamine levels, which
have been shown to cause Mg shift to the
intracellular space.5 Moreover, acidosis is
known to be able to shift Mg2+ into the urine.[2
] Of
the 759 patients included in this study, 663 had serum lactate
measured at admission. Of these 663 patients, 274 had lactate
levels >2.3 mmol/L (mean 4.0,
median 2.7, mode 1.3), a marker of severe metabolic acidosis
after acute injury. There remain, therefore, several
confounding factors that could not have been controlled when
analysing the data.
Conclusion
Of the patients admitted to the trauma ICU, 10.7% were hypomagnesaemic, while 1.3% were hypermagnesaemic. No correlation was found between hypomagnesaemia and a poorer outcome, despite some association with patients who had a higher ISS or NISS. Mg supplementation may be beneficial in the ICU, but this study was not powered to prove the effect of this intervention on patient outcome.
Acknowledgements. The authors wish to thank Hannes Malmberg for his assistance with data analysis and statistics.
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